Question 1. What is TCP Slow Start?

• TCP doesn’t send data at full speed immediately.
• At first, congestion window (~14KB) is very small.
• With each ACK received, congestion window increases exponentially until a threshold, then grows linearly.
• Purpose: probe network capacity safely, avoid overwhelming routers.
• Implication: keep first HTML response <14KB (compressed) for best initial load speed.

Question 2. What are TypeScript Generics?

• Generics = types as variables.
• Accepting types as parameters like variables.
• Allow functions, classes, and interfaces to be type-agnostic while preserving type safety.

function identity<T>(value: T): T {
  return value;
}
identity<number>(10); // Explicit
identity("hi"); // Type inferred

Benefits

• Reusability
• Type safety
• Works with complex data structures (arrays, promises, etc.)

Question 3. Difference between null and undefined

• undefined: variable declared but not assigned a value.
• null: explicitly assigned “no value”.